{"id":6844,"date":"2022-03-07T03:49:05","date_gmt":"2022-03-06T20:49:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.coolmate.me\/graphene-la-gi-ung-dung-cua-graphene-6844"},"modified":"2025-09-04T18:00:44","modified_gmt":"2025-09-04T11:00:44","slug":"graphene-la-gi-ung-dung-cua-graphene","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.coolmate.me\/blog\/graphene-la-gi-ung-dung-cua-graphene","title":{"rendered":"Graphene l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Nh\u1eefng \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi c\u1ee7a graphene trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng"},"content":{"rendered":"

Graphene<\/strong> là m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u m\u1edbi n\u1ed5i giúp ngày càng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n trong các l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng tính ch\u1ea5t c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t. Tuy nhiên v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u này l\u1ea1i ch\u01b0a th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn. V\u1eady Graphene là gì<\/strong>? Có \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf nào? Cùng Coolmate tìm hi\u1ec3u ngay nhé.<\/p>\n

\"graphene<\/p>\n

1. Graphene là gì?<\/h2>\n

<\/p>\n

Graphene<\/strong> là m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng thù hình c\u1ee7a carbon bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp (\u0111\u01a1n l\u1edbp) nguyên t\u1eed carbon \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp, liên k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi nhau trong m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng t\u1ed5 ong hai chi\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed7i nguyên t\u1eed cacbon trong t\u1ea5m graphene liên k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi ba nguyên t\u1eed khác \u1edf các góc gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7t nhau, t\u1ea1o thành m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u trúc ph\u1eb3ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ed5 ong. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng – graphene là m\u1ed9t tinh th\u1ec3 carbon ba chi\u1ec1u, n\u01a1i m\u1ecdi nguyên t\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ed1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi hàng xóm – nh\u1eefng liên k\u1ebft b\u1ec1n ch\u1eb7t này mang l\u1ea1i cho c\u1ea5u trúc \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n \u0111áng k\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

\"Graphene<\/p>\n

Các l\u1edbp graphene<\/strong> x\u1ebfp ch\u1ed3ng lên nhau t\u1ea1o thành graphite, v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng cách gi\u1eefa các m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng là 0,335 nanomet. Các l\u1edbp graphene<\/strong> riêng bi\u1ec7t trong graphite \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef v\u1edbi nhau b\u1eb1ng l\u1ef1c van der Waals, l\u1ef1c này có th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb tách ra trong quá trình tách graphene kh\u1ecfi graphite.<\/p>\n

Có kho\u1ea3ng 3 tri\u1ec7u l\u1edbp graphene<\/strong> trong m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m graphit dày 1 mm. Theo thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef khoa h\u1ecdc: Các \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a graphene b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb các obitan 2p, t\u1ea1o thành các d\u1ea3i tr\u1ea1ng thái π phân chia v\u1ecb trí trên t\u1ea5m cacbon c\u1ea5u thành nên graphene.
\"Có
<\/strong><\/p>\n

Graphene<\/strong> là v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1edfi nó c\u1ee9ng h\u01a1n kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0ng \u0111àn h\u1ed3i h\u01a1n cao su; c\u1ee9ng h\u01a1n thép nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eb9 h\u01a1n nhôm. Nh\u1edd c\u1ea5u trúc \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111áo c\u1ee7a graphene, nó s\u1edf h\u1eefu nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111áng kinh ng\u1ea1c khác: Tính linh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed cao, nhanh h\u01a1n silicon 100 l\u1ea7n;Graphene<\/strong> d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng g\u1ea5p 2 l\u1ea7n; \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a graphene c\u0169ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n 13 l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3ng.<\/p>\n

Ngoài ra, Graphene<\/strong> ch\u1ec9 h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 2,3% ánh sáng ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1; nó không th\u1ea5m n\u01b0\u1edbc nên ngay c\u1ea3 nguyên t\u1eed nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t (heli) c\u0169ng không th\u1ec3 \u0111i qua t\u1ea5m graphene<\/strong> \u0111\u01a1n l\u1edbp không có khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m. V\u1edbi di\u1ec7n tích b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t lên t\u1edbi 2.630 mét vuông m\u1ed7i gam có ngh\u0129a là v\u1edbi ít h\u01a1n 3 gam, b\u1ea1n có th\u1ec3 bao ph\u1ee7 toàn b\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t sân bóng.<\/p>\n

\"Graphene<\/p>\n

Graphene<\/strong> là h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t m\u1ecfng nh\u1ea5t mà con ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 dày m\u1ed9t nguyên t\u1eed, v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u nh\u1eb9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn (v\u1edbi 1 mét vuông n\u1eb7ngkho\u1ea3ng 0,77 miligam), h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phát hi\u1ec7n (m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n thép t\u1eeb 100-300 l\u1ea7n v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n kéo130 GPa và 1 Young’s modulus là 1 TPa – 150.000.000 psi), ch\u1ea5t d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 phòng (\u1edf (4,84 ± 0,44) × 10 ^ 3 \u0111\u1ebfn(5,30 ± 0,48) × 10 ^ 3 W · m − 1 · K − 1) và c\u0169ng là ch\u1ea5t d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn (các nghiên c\u1ee9u \u0111ã ch\u1ec9 ra tính linh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed \u1edf các giá tr\u1ecbh\u01a1n 200.000 cm2 · V − 1 · s − 1 ).<\/p>\n

Graphene<\/strong> \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t khái ni\u1ec7m ch\u1ec9 dày m\u1ed9t nguyên t\u1eed, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi làv\u1eadt li\u1ec7u hai chi\u1ec1u (2D) (chúng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi là 2D vì chúng ch\u1ec9 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng theo hai chi\u1ec1u: chi\u1ec1u dài và chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng; vì v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9 dày m\u1ed9t nguyên t\u1eed, chi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 ba, chi\u1ec1u cao, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi là b\u1eb1ng không).Và ch\u1ec9 \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng thái \u0111\u01a1n ho\u1eb7c ít l\u1edbp này, các \u0111\u1eb7c tính tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi c\u1ee7a graphene<\/strong> m\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Các \u0111\u1eb7c tính \u0111áng chú ý khác c\u1ee7a graphenelà s\u1ef1h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u ánh sáng c\u1ee7a nó qua các ph\u1ea7n nhìn th\u1ea5y và c\u1eadn h\u1ed3ng ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a quang ph\u1ed5(πα ≈ 2,3%), và kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng thích h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a nó \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trongv\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n spin.<\/p>\n

\"grapheneh\u1ea5p<\/p>\n

B\u1ea1n có th\u1ec3 ng\u1ea1c nhiên khi bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng carbon là nguyên t\u1ed1 có nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 hai trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi và là nguyên t\u1ed1 phong phú th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 (tính theo kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng), sau hydro, heli và oxy. \u0110i\u1ec1u này làm cho carbon tr\u1edf thành c\u01a1 s\u1edf hóa h\u1ecdc cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng \u0111ã bi\u1ebft trên trái \u0111\u1ea5t, làm cho graphene<\/strong> có kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tr\u1edf thành m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i pháp b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng, thân thi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi môi tr\u01b0\u1eddng cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 vô h\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi phát hi\u1ec7n ra graphene<\/strong>, các \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng trong các ngành khoa h\u1ecdc khác nhau \u0111ã bùng n\u1ed5, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i ích to l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t là trong thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 cao,c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfnsinh h\u1ecdc,hóa h\u1ecdcvàt\u1eeb tính ,b\u1ed9 tách sóng quang b\u0103ng thông c\u1ef1c r\u1ed9ng vàl\u01b0u tr\u1eef và t\u1ea1o ra n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n

2. Graphene \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phát hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf nào?<\/h2>\n

Graphene<\/strong>l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u tiên \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghiên c\u1ee9uv\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t lý thuy\u1ebft vào nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1940.Vào th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111ó,các nhà khoa h\u1ecdc cho r\u1eb1ngv\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t hai chi\u1ec1u là không th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u1eadt lý, vì v\u1eady h\u1ecd không theo \u0111u\u1ed5i vi\u1ec7c cô l\u1eadp graphene.<\/p>\n

Nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 sau, s\u1ef1 quan tâm \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 này d\u1ea7n t\u0103ng lên và các nhà nghiên c\u1ee9u b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7utìm ra k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadtbóc tách than chì.H\u1ecd \u0111ã c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng chèn các phân t\u1eed gi\u1eefa các l\u1edbp graphene,<\/strong> c\u1ea1o và c\u1ecd xát graphite, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 nào tách \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp duy nh\u1ea5t. Cu\u1ed1i cùng, h\u1ecd \u0111ã có th\u1ec3 tách riêng graphene trên các v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u khác, nh\u01b0ng không ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 riêng graphene.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"Graphenel\u1ea7n
<\/strong><\/p>\n

N\u0103m 2002, nhà nghiên c\u1ee9u Andre Geim c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Manchester b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u quan tâm \u0111\u1ebfn graphene<\/strong> vàthách th\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t nghiên c\u1ee9u sinh ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 \u0111ánh bóng m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i than chì thành càng ít l\u1edbp càng t\u1ed1t. Nghiên c\u1ee9u sinh có th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 1.000 l\u1edbp, nh\u01b0ng không th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c tiêu c\u1ee7a Geim là 10 \u0111\u1ebfn 100 l\u1edbp. Geim \u0111ã th\u1eed m\u1ed9t cách ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn khác: b\u0103ng. Ông bôi nó lên than chì và bóc nó ra \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh graphene nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp. Nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n bóc b\u0103ng h\u01a1n t\u1ea1o ra các l\u1edbp m\u1ecfng h\u01a1n và m\u1ecfng h\u01a1n, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ông có m\u1ed9t mi\u1ebfng graphene<\/strong> dày 10 l\u1edbp.<\/p>\n

\"Geim<\/p>\n

Nhóm c\u1ee7a Geim \u0111ã làm vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec3 tinh ch\u1ec9nh k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd và cu\u1ed1i cùng t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp nguyên t\u1eed carbon.H\u1ecd \u0111ãcông b\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng phát hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a mìnhtrên t\u1ea1p chí “Science” vào tháng 10 n\u0103m 2004. Geim và \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a ông Kostya Novoselov \u0111ã nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i Nobel v\u1eadt lý n\u0103m 2010 cho công trình c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea7u tiên \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c làm b\u1eb1ng b\u0103ng keo, vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t graphene<\/strong> \u0111ã \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 nhanh chóng.N\u0103m 2009, các nhà nghiên c\u1ee9u \u0111ãcó th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ram\u1ed9t màng graphene<\/strong> có chi\u1ec1u ngang 30 inch.<\/p>\n